Literature - Postmodernism, Economic Domination, and the Function of Art :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Postmodernism: Economic Domination and the Function of Art  Does stylish imagination identify with or impact reality? Does workmanship have the ability to recuperate society? These inquiries appear to be certain to Walker Percy's comprehension of writing and craftsmanship by and large. Writing is an idea included procedure worried about correspondence; it selves as an ethical guidepost to laud society just as right it. Writing speaks to and depicts; it presents perusers with a technique for articulating and settling issues in the public arena.    â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â So plainly redescribing a world is the  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â fundamental initial move towards evolving it (Rushdie  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â 18).   Craftsmanship, in one sense, makes its own political plan. Percy seeks after his analytic hypothesis of writing having dealt with the fundamental connection among language and life. Percy appears to respond to the underlying two inquiries presented with a resonating yes.   â â â â â â â â â â The issue of craftsmanship's effect upon a general public isn't exactly so effortlessly settled, be that as it may. Only one out of every odd individual composes or contemplates workmanship with a similar series of expectations. So as to strike at the core of the inquiry what is the reason for workmanship? we should initially distinguish, comprehend and welcome certain key suppositions requests, interceding settings, encompassing the political idea of craftsmanship and the job of the craftsman in true imagination. I might want to outline my conversation inside the clear battle between two ideological settings: innovation and postmodernism. Utilizing Percy's indicative hypothesis of writing to encourage the conversation, we can analyze how modem and postmodern presumptions endeavor to shape the reason for tasteful innovativeness.   â â â â â â â â â â Percy's way to deal with craftsmanship is characteristically present day. He is worried about solidarity and truth and accomplishing them through the innovative procedure. Innovation professes to Speak to some type of ideological supreme, a general quality. All things eventually move to uncover a bound together entire, a universe washed in Truth. Reason is the essential instrument of the innovator. It is advantaged over all other human resources. Reason permits humankind to have information, to know, to acclimatize, to bring together. Truth and information are miserably interlaced. The quest for information is subsequently the quest for truth also. Percy reflects this cutting edge veneration for the intensity of human idea, when he asserts that writing is basically intellectual. Workmanship is a development and expansion of the brain. Workmanship is along these lines effectively engaged with the quest for Truth.

Identifying Infinitive Phrases Exercises and Practice

Recognizing Infinitive Phrases Exercises and Practice An infinitive is a verbalusually gone before by the molecule tothat can work in a sentence as a thing, a descriptive word, or an intensifier. This activity will test your capacity to perceive infinitive expressions and recognize them from prepositional expressions. Directions Each sentence underneath contains at any rate one infinitive expression. A few (yet not the entirety) of the sentences additionally incorporate prepositional expressions starting with to. Distinguish just the infinitive phrase(s) in each sentence, and afterward contrast your reactions and the appropriate responses beneath. More than all else, I needed some time alone to read.My grandma disclosed to me that we have been put on earth to share, to mind, to offer, and to receive.While the train was halted at the station, Bugsy endeavored to move to the highest point of one of the cargo cars.Mama Day advises the residents of the island to tune in to the crows rather than the news announcements. (Gloria Naylor, Mama Day)During the Great Depression, crowds needed to giggle when they went to the movies.Every Wednesday, six ladies from Wisbech went to the stronghold to do the week by week wash.On the most recent night of the retreat, we needed to sing a melody to end a night that had been especially contacting to us all.The duke left the duchess at a Red Roof Inn and continued to head to the nation to see his mother.At the finish of their long experience, Lucy and Edmund are informed that they are too old to even consider returning to Narnia again.Within each Ring of Plague Sabine had composed, there was a fini shed variety of forces: one to battle with ice, one to see through soil, one to toss lightning, one to fly, one to blur, one to shrivel, one to inhale fire, one to run like the breeze, one to tunnel, one to see through stone, one to suspend items, and one to push and tie dreams. (Obert Skye, Leven Thumps and the Whispered Secret) Here (in striking print) are the appropriate responses. More than everything else, I needed some time aloneâ to read.My grandma disclosed to me that we have been put on earthâ to share,/ to care,â / to give, andâ to receive.While the train was halted at the station, Bugsy attemptedâ to climbâ to the highest point of one of the cargo cars.Mama Day tells the residents of the islandâ to listenâ to the crows rather than the news announcements. (Gloria Naylor, Mama Day)During the Great Depression, crowds wantedâ to laughâ when they went to the movies.Every Wednesday, six ladies from Wisbech went to the castleâ to do the week by week wash.On the most recent night of the retreat, we wantedâ to sing a songâ / to end an eveningâ that had been especially contacting to us all.The duke left the duchess at a Red Roof Inn and proceededâ to driveâ to the countryâ to see his mother.At the finish of their long experience, Lucy and Edmund are informed that they are too oldâ to returnâ to Narnia again.Within each Ring of Plague Sa bine had sorted out, there was a finished variety of forces: oneâ to battle with ice, oneâ to transparent soil, oneâ to toss lightning, oneâ to fly, oneâ to blur, oneâ to therapist, oneâ to inhale fire, oneâ to run like the breeze, oneâ to tunnel, oneâ to transparent stone, oneâ to suspend objects, and oneâ to push and tie dreams. (Obert Skye, Leven Thumps and the Whispered Secret)

Understanding Male Eating Disorders

Understanding Male Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Print Understanding Male Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 09, 2019 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention While once thought to be solely female illnesses, eating disorders are known to afflict people of all genders. Eating disorders are diagnosed in males of all ages ranging from children to older adults. Many researchers believe that male eating disorders we are seeing today are just the tip of the iceberg. Eating disorders in males have not received attention until recently for several reasons which include: The omission of males from research on eating disordersLack of recognition of eating disorder symptoms by males and their family membersBias by professionals leading to less likelihood of eating disorder diagnosis in malesThe stigma associated with males seeking help for what has primarily been seen as a female illnessExclusion of males by eating disorder treatment centersStrongly feminine branding of eating disorder treatment centers (e.g., pink- and flower-dominated décor, no male images on websites and marketing materials)Eating disorders presenting with different symptoms in males than in femalesInadequate attention to male eating disorder behaviors in most eating disorder assessment measuresDiagnostic criteria were gender-biased making it harder for males to be diagnosed. History Eating disorders in males were first noted in 1689 when English physician Richard Morton described two cases of “nervous consumption,” one in a male patient. In 1874, Ernest Charles Lasegue and Sir William Gull made other case reports of males with anorexia nervosa. After these key early cases, males with eating disorders were marginalized, deemed “rare,” and forgotten about until 1972 when Peter Beaumont and colleagues studied anorexia nervosa in male subjects. Until quite recently, males were excluded from most of the treatment studies that led to the development of diagnostic criteria and to treatments for eating disorders. Less than 1 percent  of all eating disorder research focuses specifically on males. Consequently, eating disorders have been viewed through a female lens. Under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (current until 2013), one key requirement for the diagnosis for anorexia was amenorrhea â€" loss of a menstrual period. Men were physiologically incapable of qualifying for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Imagine that â€" unable to be diagnosed due to an anatomical impossibility! Prevalence The most widely-quoted study estimates that males have a  lifetime prevalence  of 0.3 percent  for anorexia nervosa, 0.5 percent for bulimia nervosa, and 2.0 percent for binge eating disorder. The proportion of total people with eating disorders that are male is not known. Older statistics cite 10 percent, but given the reluctance of males with eating disorders to admit they have a problem and the inability of research to capture male eating disorders, most experts believe it is higher. More recent estimates say anywhere from 20 percent to 25 percent of the total number of people with eating disorders are male. The National Association for Males with Eating Disorders estimates that 25 to 40 percent of people with all eating disorders are males. Among eating disorder diagnoses, males have relatively more representation in binge eating disorder and Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), two newer diagnoses. Estimates indicate that about 40 percent  of people with binge eating disorder are male. In one study of children in a pediatric gastroenterology network, 67 percent of those diagnosed with ARFID were male. Features There are some major differences between male and female eating disorder presentations. Males with eating disorders tend to be older, have greater rates of other psychiatric problems (such as anxiety, depression, and substance use), and engage in more suicidal behaviors than females with eating disorders. Males with eating disorders also have a higher rate of having previously been overweight. Men are less likely to engage in typical purging behaviors and are more likely to use exercise as a compensatory behavior. Finally, because of stigma, males are less likely to seek treatment. When they do, it is often after a long illness and they may thus be sicker and more entrenched in their disorder.   Some researchers propose that the more common presentation of eating disorders in men is muscularity-oriented disordered eating or muscle dysmorphia, initially termed reverse anorexia and sometimes called bigorexia. Muscle dysmorphia is currently technically categorized as a type of body dysmorphia, which itself is a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In muscle dysmorphia, the body type desired is not thinner as we see in traditional female anorexia, but bigger and more muscular. This corresponds with the traditional societal view of the ideal male body. The core symptom of muscle dysmorphia is a fear of not being muscular enough. The associated symptomatic behaviors often include compulsive exercise, disordered eating characterized by protein supplementation and dietary restriction, and the use of supplements and performance-enhancing drugs or steroids. It can also include distinct and alternating phases as people vacillate between eating first to increase muscle and then to decrease body fat. Researchers have also observed “cheat meals,” planned high-calorie meals, in the service of this muscular ideal. As with behaviors seen in the more typical female presentation of eating disorders, these behaviors also carry significant medical risks. However, they often fly under the radar as they are commonly believed to be healthy behaviors. One study indicated that as many as 53 percent  of competitive bodybuilders might have muscle dysmorphia. Sexual Orientation A myth is that most males with eating disorders are gay. A frequently cited study in 2007 showed a higher percentage of gay than heterosexual males with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa. Based on this study, it has often been assumed that a male patient with an eating disorder is most likely gay. While there may be relatively more eating disorders in the gay male community, most males with eating disorders are heterosexual. One  study found little connection between sexual orientation and the incidence of eating disorders. Instead, the researchers identified a connection between gender identification and the eating disorder’s expression: those individuals who identified with more feminine gender norms tended to have thinness body concerns, while those who identified with more masculine norms tended towards muscularity concerns. Assessment   All of the various assessment tools commonly used to assess eating disorders were designed for use with females. As a result, they may not adequately identify an eating disorder in a male. For example, the Eating Disorders Inventory includes the item, “I think my thighs are too large.” This item is less likely to be endorsed by males because it does not reflect their body image concerns. The Eating Disorder Assessment for Males, a male-specific assessment tool, (EDAM), is under development. An item that corresponds to the EDI item above might take the form of, “I check my body several times a day for muscularity,”â€" more oriented toward traditional male concerns. The availability of new tools such as the EDAM should help more males get appropriately diagnosed. Treatment There currently exist no specific treatments for eating disorders in males. When males have been included in studies, they seem to respond well to the same treatments that have been successful for females with eating disorders, especially cognitive behavioral therapy for adults and family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescents and young adults. FBT has also been successfully applied to adolescent muscle dysmorphia. Such treatment may focus more on limiting exercise and preventing excessive protein intake than on weight gain. The treatment of male patients should address the stigma of being seen for what is commonly known as a female disorder. Treatment with males often focuses more closely on addressing exercise, which is often the first symptom to present and the last to remit. Find Support From the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From  Verywell If you or someone you care about is a male with an eating disorder, do not hesitate to seek help. While reaching out for help may seem scary, it is an important first step in overcoming a disorder that can be treated. There are gender-specific organizations, like  the  National Association for Males With Eating Disorders  that can help.

Essay on Perfect Body Image Has Changed Throughout History

How many of you have looked at an image of a model, and have mentally questioned why you dont look just as good? Im pretty sure many of you sitting here have done so. You realise that you feel very self conscious about your overall body image. Body image is defined as the way the person perceives themselves , physically and mentally. Our perception on beauty has been altered disturbingly, ever since media has played a role in society. When we look at celebrities, we generally idealise them , without processing the fact that they’ve been photoshopped, plastered in tons of makeup , used lighting and photographers and most obvious, had previous cosmetic surgeries. We’re completely oblivious to the fact that it is unattainable to be that â€Å"†¦show more content†¦Teenagers and children are a target, as they’re very easily utilised. They easily get teenager and children to buy their products, and by doing so they use advertisements as their idea. They are well aware that if they state in their products that it will improve their appearance, teenagers are more likely to purchase it. It is proven that models nowadays weigh 23% less than the average woman.Girls believe that to have the ideal body, you need to be toned and slim, wheres for guys being muscular is the definition of perfection. The problem starts to become much severe , when it ultimately leads to serious habits such as eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia and in most cases, suicidal attempts. Many young teenagers have developed eating disorders, as they sadly use unhealthy habits to manage their weight and that is through skipping meals, fasting, self- induced vomiting, and not to forget excessive exercise. People with anorexia tend to be very skinny, and as when they look into the mirror, they literally see excess body fat. Their minds have tricked them into believing they need to lose more weight to be able to look fit. Were all preoccupied with our bodies , and dissatisfied with our looks, that most of us are willing to try anything in order to obtain that perfect figure. The standards that are set are unbelievably high, as they’re unrealistic for what the ‘normal’ body figure should be.Show MoreRelatedThe Body Image And Advertisements1630 Words   |  7 PagesBody Image and Advertisements In roughly three decades, the number of advertisement exposed to consumers daily went from 500 in the 1970’s to as many as 5000 today (Johnson, 2006). Fashion advertisements often promote models that have an ideal body which is often models with thin bodies (Diedrichs Lee 2011). Consequently, these advertisements set unrealistic standards to the public (Yu, Damhorst Russell, 2011). Researchers have found that consumers are constantly comparing themselvesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthat media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays effects our own body image. It has been documented in adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that media has had on our perceptionRead MoreThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthe media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image. Research documented adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that the media has had on our perceptionRead More Understanding the Causes of Negative Body Image Essay518 Words   |  3 Pages Understanding the Causes of Negative Body Image I chose to read the book titled â€Å"Understanding the Causes of Negative Body Image† by Barbara Moe because I plan on focusing my research paper on how the media has strong control over women’s development of self-esteem and body image. The message that the media is sending creates the context within which people learn to value size and shape of their body. Moe’s book focuses on how our culture is preoccupied with weight and appearanceRead MoreWomen ´s Role in Kate Chopins Literature: The Yellow Paper and The Awakening1281 Words   |  6 PagesFourteen. Throughout history, more and more American women have claimed to be unsatisfied with their physical appearances. This is due to the constant presence of thin, perfectly proportioned models in media. The image of women in media creates a standard of beauty that cannot even be reached by the models themselves. Based on the image of them portrayed in media, American women have been expected to try to reach unattainable roles. Though the expectations set for women have changed over time,Read MoreAre You Beach Body Ready?1232 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Are you beach body ready?† This is a slogan of a controversial advertisement in the UK with a slender, yet curvy woman in a bikini. Even though this commercial is for promoting diet products, the focal unrealistic, idealized female body image in a bikini and her seductive eyes make the most women ashamed of their body images. Sweney reported, the advertisement was a controversial issue due to a reason of women’s sexual objectification and banned in the UK eventually. Even though the advertisementRead MoreWomens Rights Through History1127 Words   |  5 PagesHALAC Whitehead 3/27/11 Women’s Voices, Women’s Lives Women’s roles through history have changed and stayed the same in many different ways. Based on evidence from historical documents, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman, â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"Raising A Son - With Men on the Fringes† by Robyn Marks, â€Å"Self in 1958† by Anne Sexton and modern day examples as well. Overall, since 1880, women’s rights have been a controversial topic based on their powerRead MoreBody Image : Breaking The Stereotypes And Standards947 Words   |  4 PagesBody Image: Breaking the Stereotypes and Standards There is a certain point in life that we become aware of our bodies and how others view them. The way we view our bodies, as individuals, can either help or hurt our self-esteem. Body image can be a very hard battle for anyone to fight; there is a tremendous amount of pressure put on mostly young women to match the â€Å"ideal† body type. What I want to know is, how can we overcome the stereotypes and standards set by the society we live in today? ItRead MoreI Have Been Dancing For 11 Years877 Words   |  4 Pagesin a little dance class to competing all around Iowa and Illinois. However, I never thought about the history of dance before. This hidden history project is the perfect time to learn the history behind something I am passionate about. I am going to bring the history of dance to the light. To make sense of the history of dance we must look at what it means to us in our everyday lives and how it has impacted us. All it takes is one idea to start something amazing. The idea of dance when it first becameRead MoreGlamour Labor Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesGlamour in the Age of Kardashian has an overall theme of how â€Å"glamour labor† has evolved in recent years due to changes in technology, work ethic, and fashion. â€Å"Glamour labor†, a term thought up by Wissinger, is the work an individual does, so that they are perceived as the carefully crafted image that they create and place online. It is the effort and time of shaping one’s body in order to look as put-together as they do online in their day-to-day life. â€Å"Glamour laborers† are the individuals who

What Are Delicious Habits - 847 Words

Delicious Habits Either down the street from an individual’s house, near most local gas stations, or inside almost every Walmart, there is a fast food restaurant selling greasy but delicious food. Although most of these fast food restaurants show people the calories they intake, they do not tell them that type 2 diabetes could occur due to the fats, sugars, and salt they are consuming. According to the AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science), people get their glucose or sugar from food, after the digestion of that food the glucose gets transported into your bloodstream, then the pancreas is supposed to release insulin which lets the glucose be used towards energy (Obesity). Now if an individual’s body resists the insulin, then type 2 diabetes will occur. Back in the day, it is said that diabetes was common for adults, in the 21st century its common for adults and children to have this chronic disease. Plus, diabetes could be deadly but only if not treated correctly. Lately people are saying that you have a choice when it comes to eating healthier, however most sources say that it’s no coincidence that our food system leans more towards the bad calories than the good calories. On top of having diabetes, people could have heart disease, stroke, cancer, loss of sight, etc. Some even say, â€Å"it’s his or her own poor decisions† (Mello). However, according to Food Inc. the movie, our mind is craving three specific things: salt, fat, and sugar (41:12). ForShow MoreRelatedWeight Loss Motivation Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesWeight loss motivation is the foundation of all weight loss success stories for women. Losing weight, and keeping it off, entails more than just following a diet. Making significant changes in your eating habits means giving up a lot of foods that may taste great, but have no nutritional value. Steeling yourself to the task of making healthy food selections to lose belly fat and thigh fat can only carry you so far. 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The strawberries were cooked slowly until the sugar form a syrup and then chilled. Chef Thomas Keller makes his recipes very detailed giving each item its own role in

Unit Two Principles of Providing Administrative Services Free Essays

Unit two: Principles of providing administrative services Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit Two: Principles of Providing Administrative Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 9 Sections. Name: Section 1 – Understand how to make and receive telephone calls 1. Complete the table below with descriptions of at least two different features of a telephone system and how / when they would be used. |Feature |How / when used | |1. Answer Phone |By pressing a number on telephone we can listen messages left by | | |others | |2. Conference Call |This allow us to speak with more than one person simultaneously | | | | . Prepare a brief report advising people on: †¢ How to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls †¢ The purpose of giving a positive image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls. If possible, use specific information from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with). Within an organization while receiving calls one should follow the organizational procedure i. e. nswer the phone within certain number of rings, use standard greeting, read script as advised, identify the personal when transferring the call or passing on the information and finally be ready to take colleagues calls when they are not on their desk. When you are making a call to a client ensure that you build a rapport with them a nd make them feel at ease. Ensure you are aware of the purpose of call and make a check list of the points that you will be asking. The main purpose behind while receiving or making calls is to portray a good and professional image of an organization is to retain the existence customers and attract new ones and fulfil customer satisfactions Section 2 – Understand how to handle mail 1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages (both incoming and outgoing). It is very important and responsibility of everyone within an organization to follow the correct procedures while receiving, checking and sorting outgoing and incoming mails. In case if a mistake is made then may be some body is waiting for an important mail and because of negligence it may go to a wrong person or even go missing. Once a mail is received we need to ensure the security and confidentaility aspect of it while delivering it to the recpients. If the mail requires urgent delivery then we need to ensure that mail is delivered or dispatched quickly and securly. It can apply to both incoming and outgoing mail as if the mail is urgent it should be treated as urgent and delivered or dispacted soon. 2. Complete the table below with the following information: At least two examples of internal mail services that are available to organisations †¢ At least two examples of external mail services that are available to organisations |Internal mail services |External mail services | |1. using internal envelopes so that mail can be circulated internally|1. Recorded delivery | | | | |2. ransfer mail between different offices of an organization |2. Spe cial delivery | | | | Internal mail services Normally between offices we do have internal transport service that operates. We can use that service to deliver mails betweeen offices. We can also use services of individuals if they are travelling between offices. Also if we are working in a headoffice and it has several buildings then we can also use the internal service that deliver or trasnport between different buildings. External mail services For external mail services we can use local mail service like Royal Mail, post office or parcel office. We can either call them and book the item so that they can pick and deliver or we can go to the nearest post office and post the item there. 3. Describe two methods that you can use to calculate postage charges for mail and / or packages. We can weight and measure mail to calculate postage charges. We can weight the mail with the help of weighting machine and measure the mail with the help of measuring deivce provided by Royail mail. Once we calculate the weight and measurement we stamp a stamp accordingly. For example if we want to sent a a first class mail we need to cataegorize the mail do we need one standard 1st class stamp or a larger one depending upon post. We should also consider the timing as first class can take upto 3 working days so if mail is urgent we need to use other services that are quicker. We can also use service provider like Royal mail and use their website to check out the charges. We can take the mail to any local post office and weight the items and pay the charges accordingly, we need to ensure a signed for or special delivery that if mail is important and needs to be delivered soon. In case if the contents of the mail are important we can also insure the mail. Section 3 – Understand how to use different types of office equipment 1. Describe the main types of equipment found in offices and how they are used. Include examples of at least three different types of office equipment. Shredding machines are used to shred important confidential documents. The main purpose of the shredding machines is to destroy your important documents that are not useful anymore but that can be important for someone else and that can be misused by anyone. Computers and its accessories such as Printer, scanner etc. used to prepare documents and print them if required. We can use computer programs such as microsoft applications word, access and excel etc. to create letters, records, electronic worksheets, database management, presentation, graphics, Internet use and financial documents. For communication we can use fax machine and telephone. We can send the documents quickly to customers either by fax or use emails and for verbal communication we use phone. The disadvantage of faxmachine is that it require electricity, requires paper for receiving and sending faxes and it should be always on to receive faxes. The advantage of fax machine is that they are relatively inexpensive and some are part of all in one printers and you may need to occasionally pay for the toner, and a dedicated phone line and paper. Another advantage is that it doesn’t cost you more than the normal phone costs per minute. 2. Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment. The main purpose behind the manufacturer’s instructions manual is to operate the equipment correctly and safely. This can reduce the maintenance cost and increase the equipment life. By following the basic guidance provided by the manufacturer the equipment will last longer, safer for others to use it and will work efficiently. 3. Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean, hygienic and ready for the next user. We need to keep the equipment clean and hygienic so that the next person who will be using it will be safe. He can safely use the equipment and hygienically safe from any disease. While working in an organization once should tidy stuff, store equipment safely and clean it regularly with appropriate products. As an example one should use wipes to clean computer screen that will be beneficial for other as well. In working environment where there is a shared workspace it is good if we leave the area clean and organized that can also leave a good impression for the next person. Section 4 – Understand how to keep waste to a minimum in a business environment 1. Explain why waste should be kept to a minimum in a business environment. One of the main reasons that waste should be kept to minimum in a business environment is financial reason i. e. it can reduce the cost and spending and environmental reasons. Company can waste a lot of money to either recycle or dispose of that extra waste. One should think twice while using company resources that do they really need that or they can use any alternative to save some money for the company. . Identify at least two main causes of waste in a business environment. Because of heating, lightning and powering equipment we waste energy Another example is the resources such as ink cartridges, papers and toners of printers etc. Another source is use of paper in printing, before printing one should ask them self that do they need to print this out and if so can they use both side of paper for printing to save papers. 3. How can you keep waste to a minimum in a business environment? Describe at least two ways of doing this. For paper waste we can use a recycling service for paper waste. For other waste like plastic bottles, plastic bags and others we can use recycling bins Recycling is a cost effective method of dealing with your waste es[ecially using different bins for different things simply because it is often cheaper when compared with general  waste management  and disposal. Recycling often reduces clutter and improves the working environment. Less clutter also means increased safety around your workplace. We can use emails instead of using posts where email can work. Emails are fast and can be delivered  at once around the world. No other form of written communication is as fast as an email. We can advertise products in the email that can reach to a lot of people and we can save a lot of money on resouses like paper, printer etc. we can send the email to hundred of recepients without expanding any money on visible resourses and save a lot of money and making business environment eco friendly. We can turn off the lights and all power switches when it’s not required to save the energy. Section 5 – Know how to make arrangements for meetings 1. Complete the table below listing at least two different types of meetings and describing the main features of each type of meeting. |Type of meeting |Main features | |Team meeting |The main feature of such meeting is to follow any agenda, track the progress of the team on the | | |current project, sort out issues related to team peformance, update on the upcoming projects and | | |discuss any outstanding issues. It also allows individuals to generate  number of ideas which can | | |prove to be quite effective in solving any organizational issue | |Training meetings |The main feature of such meeting is to keep the staff up to date, upgrade their skills and help them| | |in grooming. It also increases the staff productivity thus customers are served and satisfied more | | |quickly. This improves efficiency, reduces costs and leads to higher profitability. With the aide of| | |training meeting we can raise morale of individuals which leads to a more motivated team. If | | |colleagues are motivated here are many opportunities open to them. | |Appraisal meeting |The main objective of such meetings are to recognise the individuals effort and praise them and give| | |them reward. Because of that Individuals take personal responsibility for improving both the | | |business processes and their own abilities. Such meetings also reflects the performance | | |expectations, establish goals for the coming year and discuss the success in the past year. | 2. When arranging a meeting: †¢ What sources and types of information are typically needed? †¢ How should meetings be arranged? We need to know the individuals requesting the meeting and they are aware of organizational procedure to arrange the meeting We should be aware of the reason of the meeting, the attendees list, duration of meeting and any resources like any projector or wall board required for presentation. Firstly confirm the attendees list, date and time, place and any resources required. If required circulate a brief message around about the agenda of the meeting and if meeting is long and refreshments are required also confirm the arrangement. Finally ensure that all attendees receive a confirmation of date, time, venue and a small brief description about the meeting. Section 6 – Understand procedures for organising travel and accommodation arrangements . Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation. The main purpose, behind confirmation of instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation, is to ensures that all individual arrives on time for the appointment and all attendees are well aware of time and date of the event, accommodation an d travel details, parking facilities, location of the event, in case they need special arrangement person’s details who will be responsible for that and finally the main agenda and ist of things they need to bring in with them. 2. Complete the table below with an outline of the main types of business travel and accommodation arrangements that may need to be made and the procedures that should be followed when doing this. Travel and accommodation arrangements |Procedures | |Travel by Car and staying over night |If people are travelling by car we need to ensure that accommodation have enough | | |parking space if not then the alternate parking arrangements should be informed to the | | |people. We can select from bed and breakfast to hotels in terms of overnight | | |accommodation. We need to know how many nights they will be staying and book | | |accordingly. In case they need evening meals we need to make them aware of the | | |arrangements. | | | | |Travel by train and staying for few hours in the |If people are travelling by train we should ensure that they are aware of the ways to | |meeting place |reach to their desired location. We can arrange taxis for them to avoid hassle. | | |Sometimes we have foreign national who can’t speak English well, in that case we need | | |to ensure that interpreter is there to fulfil their needs. If they are attending the | | |meeting for few hours we must ensue that the refreshments are pre ordered. |Facility for disable peoples |If we know anyone who needs special arrangements such as wheel chair, we need to ensure| | |that all required facilities are in place to facilitate them. | | | | |Interpreter presence |Sometimes we have foreign national who can’t speak English well, in that case we need | | |to ensure that interpreter is there to fulfil their needs | . Explain the purpose of keeping records of travel / accommodation arrangements in a business environment. It is very important to keep a record (accommodation and travel expenditures) of an event once it’s over, as we can use that evaluation next time. This evaluation can help us next time in decisio n making i. e. we can improve the accommodation next time, find a cheaper suppler and get early discounts by booking in advance. Evaluation itself is a god process that can highlight any flaws in planning and identify that how we faired accommodation and travel. It also helps in identifying any issues such as parking arrangement of any particular accommodation. Section 7 – Understand diary management procedures 1. Briefly explain the purpose of using a diary system to plan activities at work. Give at least two reasons. One of the essential planning aids used within an organization is diaries and depending upon the nature of the business its use varied from person to person. It does help individuals to plan their activities and tasks as in some organization follow strict deadlines for their project. Information that can be logged in a diary contains timing, date, location and people who are involved. Another advantage of keeping up the diaries is that individuals know the whereabouts of other colleagues. For instance if we someone wants to speak with one of your colleague by checking his or her status in staff diary we can deal with the caller accordingly. 2. Identify the information needed to maintain a diary system in the workplace. Nowadays computerized or electronic diary is used in organization and most widely used diary program is Microsoft outlook. It includes information of employees such as their name, contact information, email address, location etc. In some companies it also shows their availability and show their current status i. e. if they are on annual leave or absent due to sickness. Section 8 – Understand the purpose of delivering effective customer service and how to do so 1. What are the differences between internal and external customers in a business environment? Internal customers are the one who either work for an organization or serve the people who are not employed by that organization while the external customers who do not work for the organization but either buy the product or services to fulfil their need. In other words staff working for a particular organization purchases a particular good or service then he will be classified as internal customer, while an external customer is the one who come to the company to buy a service or good require to him and by no means employed by the company. 2. Explain why customer service should meet or exceed customer expectations. Include at least three reasons in your answer. Customer service should be met or sometime exceed customer expectations as it can: †¢ Gain customer loyalty and that means customer will always turn to us when that particular good or service is required †¢ Get good recommendations form customer that can provide us good publicity and allow an organization to expand its business †¢ Increase the business growth and that can create a sense of job security within the organization. Once an organization is getting extra customers it can expand its business and can create more jobs and extra bonuses for existing staff. 3. Explain the importance of building positive relationships with customers. Outline two ways in which this can be achieved. Every member of an organization has a duty to be efficient as he may be a first point of contact for the organization and that can create a long lasting impression on customer. Employee should show professionalism as failure to do so will not give customer any confidence while dealing with his organization. It is of vital importance to gain customer’s trust, meet or sometimes exceeds customer’s expectations as it can bring in new business opportunities. We can gain customer’s trust by actively listening to them which enables us to identify their needs and satisfy them accordingly. By keeping communication channel open both parties can grow their business in a healthy and friendly environment. Both parties should trust each other and pay respect to each other ideas because that can contribute to a belter resolution of a problem if one does occur. 4. How do customers demonstrate their own needs and expectations? When a customer places an order or requested a service then they expect that service or goods to be not only delivered on time but also up to agreed standard. Customer normally expects that promise should be kept. In this competitive world customer also want bargain in prices as if someone is offering the same services at a very low cost they can turn to them as well. Customers’ need can also be gathered by collecting the feedback from them on the good or service offered and that be used for future to improve their experience. Customer can also raise their concerns directly with the company and by effective communication they can sit together, listening to each other and come to a resolution that can be accepted by both. Section 9 – Understand the purpose of reception services and how to follow reception procedures 1. What is the purpose of the receptionist role as the first point of contact in a business environment? Receptionists have many roles to perform such as give direction and sometime escort the key people to different part of the building. Generally visitors used them for general information or to solve any issues. Receptionist should have god communications skills and are aware of making good rapport with the visitors so that they feel they are at ease as some times visitors get confused. Now days most organization use sign in procedure and receptionist ensures that this is done properly and visitors are issued identification badges. In special cases receptionist also inform visitor about the standard health and safety information. 2. Describe how a receptionist can present a positive image of themselves and the organisation and explain why this is important. Receptionist job is of vital importance as they are the first point of contact for every visitor, they should greet all visitors with smile regardless of their importance or arrival (if they are expected or not). Some receptionists commonly do mistakes and expect that key people are well and best dressed and in that they annoyed some key peoples. The general principal for all is to treat everyone fairly, with courtesy and make them feel that you have time for them. As they are the first point of contact in most organization, they can leave a positive image and long lasting impression of an organization. If they act or behave unprofessionally the visitor may lose confidence while dealing with the organization. 3. In relation to your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with), explain what must be done when carrying out entry, departure, security and confidentiality procedures in a reception area. When a visitor enters into a building and approach the reception, they should be greeted first and offered help. If they want to visit someone with in an organization, take their details inform the desired person about their arrival. Advise them about the unrestricted visitor access area of recreation and make them feel at ease until the desired person come down and accompany them. Upon arrival of the desired person make them an identification pass and note down their time of arrival, their contact details and vehicle registration number if they have parked their vehicle. Once they have finished their meeting note down the timing and ensure that they have returned the pass and issue them any parking exit pass if required. Once you have completed all 9 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking. How to cite Unit Two: Principles of Providing Administrative Services, Essay examples

Much Ado About Nothing

Much Ado About Nothing Describe how the relationship between Benedick and Beatrice develops Essay William Shakespeares Play Much Ado about Nothing is about a group of characters with several story lines running through it. I have decided to focus on the development of Beatrice and Benedicts relationship. Benedick is a friend of Don Pedro who is a confirmed bachelor, he does not understand why anyone would want to get married. When he and Beatrice meet they have an argumentative relationship and both characters insult one another constantly putting each other down. Beatrice is the niece of Leonato and cousin of Hero. Beatrice doesnt want to get married either. At the beginning of the play the relationship between Benedick and Beatrice is hostile. We are first shown this when Beatrice asks for Benedick but calls him Signor Mantanto meaning bighead. The two of them trade insults and Benedick calls her Lady disdain Meaning someone who looks down on someone because they think they are inferior. Beatrices uncle Leonato Calls their trading insults a merry war this shows that there trading of insults has been going on for a while but is quite silly; and it is funny to see them bicker. Their views on marriage are both the same, they both agree on anti-marriage. Benedick, when he hears that Claudio is in love with Hero says I will die a bachelor which means he would rather die than be married. When Leonato says to Beatrice I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband meaning I hope to see you married, she replies no uncle, Ill none which means she wont marry at all. The attitudes towards each other are mutual, they dont really like each other. At the party, Beatrice tells Benedick Though she doesnt know it is him that he is the princes jester, a dull fool this is an insult, saying that he is meant to be the funny man out of Don Pedros company, but Beatrice thinks he is not. She thinks, that he is not witty, but a boring old fart. In response to this, Benedick says she speaks poniards and he also says I would not marry her to Don Pedro . Both these comments are meant as insults towards Beatrice. She speaks poniards is an insult because it means she speaks daggers, she can not speak without offending who ever she is speaking too. I would not marry her is an insult because he is saying that she is odious and because of this he would not marry her. Towards the middle of Much Ado About nothing the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick changes and their attitudes, towards each other and marriage also change. A good example of this change in Benedick is when he over hears Don Pedro, Claudio and Leonato talking amongst each other. What he hears is that Beatrice loves him but would rather die than show any affection towards him. On hearing this Benedick says when I said I  would die a bachelor, I did not think I should live till I were married. As you probably have noticed, this is a total revolution to what he said about marriage earlier on. To make it look like to his friends that he was never against marriage he adds on I did not think I should live till I were married. An example of his change of attitude towards Beatrice is when he call her Fair Beatrice. This is in complete contrast to what he called Beatrice in the Beginning Lady disdain. He has changed because of the conversation he has over heard. Examples of the changes in Beatrice are, when she over hears Hero, Ursula and Margaret talking about Benedick and how he is in love with Beatrice. Beatrice hearing all of this says Benedick, love on; I will requite thee. This means that if Benedick keeps on loving her, she to will love him back. This is quite a surprise because earlier on Beatrice called Benedick signor Mantanto. Beatrice like Benedick has changed because of the conversation she has heard. .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a , .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .postImageUrl , .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a , .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:hover , .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:visited , .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:active { border:0!important; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:active , .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4ff13beb740b8d01fd4b78cbb5ea93a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Krogstad: from Villain to Hero EssayThe first time Benedick and Beatrice meet alone , is when he supports her after Claudio and Don Pedro accuse Hero of being unfaithful, this is very unusual as Benedick didnt go with Claudio and Don Pedro. This shows that Benedick is trying to show himself to have feelings for Beatrice. Benedick finally conquers his doubts and declares to Beatrice, I do love nothing in the world so well as you. This is a break through in the development in their change of attitude and relationship with/to each other. Benedick says to Beatrice that he would do any thing to show his love for her. Beatrice then says Kill Claudio. This is very harsh what she has told him to do to prove his love, but Benedick excepts and says Im engaged meaning he will kill Claudio and this is his prove to her, that he loves her. Benedick meets with Beatrice again after he has challenged Claudio and says to her again that he love her I love thee against my will which indicates that he is forced to love her by his hart. Beatrice talks she says I will not love that friends hate Benedick replies to this Thou and I are to wise to woo peaceably which means that they know what will happen if they show their love to each other outside. The next time you see Beatrice and Benedick together is at Claudio and Heros wedding. Benedick confident says to Beatrice in front of everybody do not you love me? Beatrice replies why no, no more than reason this shows that Beatrice is to proud and wont go back on her words in front of everybody. Beatrice then asks Benedick the same question, and he replies the same as her showing the same proud ness because he doesnt want to make fool f himself.  The situation is rescued by Claudio and Hero when they extract sonnets and poems abut each other off them . The text reads that their relationship is erratic and they are both the same person so in my opinion I think that their relationship is still going to be the same and if they get married they will probably argue a lot.

The collision of electronic information systems in transition with patients in transition

Executive summary Josephine McMurray, Elizabeth Hicks, Helen Johnson, Jacobi Elliott, Kerry Byrne, and Paul Stolee authored the article, Trying to find information is like hating yourself every day: The collision of electronic information systems in transition with patients in transition, which was published in the Journal of Health Informatics.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The collision of electronic information systems in transition with patients in transition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article examines the implication of electronic medical records (EMR) coupled with parallel paper medical records on continuity of information in healthcare facilities. In conducting the research, ethnographic field study was deployed as the main methodology for gathering data. The article draws its inferences from results of three main case studies involving older patients having hip fracture and transitioning with in healthcare settings (McMurray et al., 2012, p.218). The focus of the article is on the implication of the electronic information systems (EIS) interoperability on the capacity of healthcare providers to communicate amongst themselves and the implication of digital records on transformation of information handling and processing systems within healthcare facilities. According to the article, enhancement of continuity is an important outcome for healthcare information system. In this context, healthcare records are pivotal in enabling care providers to exchange patients’ clinical coupled with demographic information, which is necessary to effect appropriate treatment (McMurray et al., 2012, p.218). Records also aid in accountability transfers, regulatory compliance, and provide means for following up quality of the healthcare delivered. While the authors find documentation important in this extent, they argue that documentation culture consumes 25 percent of the caregiversâ €™ time in a healthcare facility (McMurray et al., 2012, p.218). Improving the documentation process can aid in improvising of more accurate, better quality, secure, and speedy, and even well coordinated healthcare.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the authors, the above qualities cannot be achieved via paper-based approaches to documentation of healthcare information. This assertion underlines the importance of transitioning to EMR healthcare information systems. However, the authors report low adoption rates of the EMRs in clinical settings in Canada. They also argue that care providers encounter challenges in sending and receiving information that has been digitized. Consequently, â€Å"the adoption of digitized documentation is inconsistent across healthcare sectors and interoperability between information systems is limited† (McMurray et al., 2012, p.220). Based on this realization, the researchers found it sound to conduct a research to investigate the effects of electronic and paper information parallel system in fostering efforts of communication exchange during the process of transitioning of patient within the healthcare continuum. The authors present two main viewpoints. First, â€Å"partial interoperability between electronic information systems has complicated not eased the ability to communicate across settings and disciplines† (McMurray et al., 2012, p.223). The authors note that during the period, which the research was conducted, Canada had strategically focused on investment in EMRs. Nevertheless, most cases studied showed that transitional information was transferred through paper-based means of communication. Despite the availability of EMRs in the three cases considered in the research, healthcare providers exchanged transitional information through fax or transportation of paper-based information during transferring of the patient across the care continuum. In particular, the authors exemplify this view point by claiming that in the case involving Mrs. Robertson, two facilities sharing ownership cared for her, but even though EMR was available to the two care facilities, â€Å"staff continued to fax requests for admission and discharge documentation to each other and maintained separate paper charts† (McMurray et al., 2012, p.224).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The collision of electronic information systems in transition with patients in transition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, clinical care workers entered Mrs. Robertson’s information manually to an external database in each of the care facilities. For long-term care facilities, none of them deployed EMRs. Documentation of information is meant to ensure ease of accessibility and retrieval of information. However, in the second vie wpoint of the authors, â€Å"while some information is more accessible and communications streamlined, parallel paper and electronic systems have added to the front line providers burden, not eased it† (McMurray et al., 2012, p.224). In this context, the article findings indicate that even if information were recorded previously in the EMR system, front care providers raised concerns that they encountered challenges in accessing and retrieving the information. These challenges were attributed to poor user interfaces and unavailability of records’ summaries. However, physicians argued that although it was difficult to retrieve and access information from their places of residence in the EMR system, when such information was retrieved, it helped them in cross communication. As part of analysis of the article, it is important to note that transition from one information system to another involves organizational change. Before people can learn and acquire experience in the use of new information system, confusions and problems are anticipated. Therefore, it is not surprising that people would deploy paper-based approaches in the documentation process while EMRs were available. From the context of the second viewpoint of the authors, any digital information system has challenges articulated to its design. Some of these challenges include poor design of user interfaces and interactivity. When such challenges are encountered, the solution encompasses system redesign and improvement to meet user requirements, but not scraping it. In my opinion, the article is relevant to management information systems for Public and Health Administration. It provides possible area of improving EMRs to meet the needs of the users and deliver the outcomes for which the system is installed within a healthcare facility.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference McMurray, J., Hicks, E., Johnson, H., Elliott, J., Byrne, K., Stolee, P. (2012). Trying to find information is like hating yourself every day: The collision of electronic information systems in transition with patients in transition. Health Informatics Journal, 19(3), 218-232. This report on The collision of electronic information systems in transition with patients in transition was written and submitted by user Aria L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Core Values-Nestle Essays

Core Values-Nestle Essays Core Values-Nestle Paper Core Values-Nestle Paper Core Values and Intercultural Management Sep 29,2007 00:00 by admin Core Values and Intercultural Management Case Study: Nestle In 2001, Nestle was the largest and most diversified food company in the world, with nearly 500 factories in more than 100 countries. In fact, over the period 1867–2000 it surpassed other food manufacturers and purchasers of agricultural raw materials in scale of operations. Over 230,000 people worldwide work in Nestles factories, research laboratories and offices. In 1999 Nestle generated a total income of 4,007 million Swiss francs. This case study is based on a series of interviews with prominent Nestle managers engaged in strengthening Nestles core values. Niels Christiansen, Vice President, Public Affairs of Nestle SA, explains that even though 98 per cent of Nestle operations are outside Switzerland, the company still originated in Switzerland. The corporate headquarters is located in Switzerland. Hence some Swiss cultural values are an integral part of Nestle core values. Many Swiss values are embedded in the Nestle General Management and Leadership Principles and the Nestle Corporate Business Principles. These Principles reflect not only Nestles basic corporate values, but some of the Swissness of the company as well. What has been described as the Swissness of the company refers to the pragmatic and resultsoriented nature of the Principles. The Nestle General Management and Leadership Principles are presented in our case study on communications and intercultural management (see Chapter 2). The box on page 87 reproduces the Nestle Corporate Business Principles. NESTLE CORPORATE BUSINESS PRINCIPLES Nestle is committed to the following business principles in all countries taking into account local legislation, culture and religious practice: Nestles business objective, and that of management and employees at all levels, is to manufacture and market the companys products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for customers, shareholders, employees, business partners and the large number of national economies in which Nestle operates. Nestle does not favour short-term profit at the expense of successful long-term business development, but recognizes the need to generate profit each year in order to maintain the support of the financial markets, and to finance investments. Nestle believes that, as a general rule, legislation is the most effective safeguard of ethical conduct, although in certain areas, additional guidance to management and employees, in the form of voluntary business principles, is beneficial in order to ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization. Nestle is conscious of the fact that the success of a corporation is a reflection of the professionalism, conduct and ethical values of its management and employees, therefore recruitment of the right people and ongoing training and development are crucial. Nestle recognizes that consumers have a legitimate interest in the company behind the Nestle brands, and the way in which the Nestle company operates. Although core values can be propagated across a multicultural corporation in a variety of ways, Nestle adopts certain approaches that are characteristic of it. These approaches have been used consistently and for a considerable length of time, even though the companys various Principles have been written down only recently. One important approach is careful and meticulous selection of personnel. This approach has been enshrined in the Nestle Corporate Business Principles. Potential employees are assessed as to whether they possess the attributes that would enable them to fit into the Nestle way of life. An assessment is also made of whether they can achieve complete integration into Nestle culture over time. Nestles selection process has been so effective that most of its employees have pursued a lifetime career, spanning at least 30 years with the company. This lifetime association with Nestle enables employees to completely imbibe and operationalize the Nestle core values. Additionally, new recruits are given extensive coaching as well as training, to ensure that they fully understand Nestles core values. Both the Nestle Management and Leadership Principles document and the Nestle Corporate Business Principles document contain personal messages from the CEO. The CEO, as well as all senior managers, make it clear that they expect all employees to subscribe to and implement the company core values. Of course, members of the top management echelon also live the core values themselves so that they serve as role models. Nestle uses extensively another means to propagate its core values: its international management cadre. Members of this cadre go from country to country working as managers in different Nestle branches. These international management cadre managers ensure that the Nestle core values are institutionalized at all Nestle locations. They occupy a significant proportion of the key positions at all Nestle branches, and can therefore exert a tremendous amount of influence. All managers of Nestle, irrespective of ethnic origin or geographic location, are part of the Nestle culture and share the same core values. Additionally, by rotation, they spend some time at the Nestle headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland. During the initial stages of their career, Nestle employees (from all over the world) attend residential training programmes at Vevey, which are of approximately one months duration. These programmes reinforce the core values which Nestle employees have already assimilated. They also make Nestle employees realize that regardless of where they are from, they all share these core values. Although Nestles core values are the glue that holds together all its managers distributed across more than 100 countries, the company is also sensitive to local cultures. Brabeck, CEO of Nestle, has remarked, Since Nestles activities in Switzerland, its country of origin, account for less than 2 per cent of its global turnover, Nestle learned very early to respect the social, political and cultural traditions of all countries in which the products are produced and sold, and to be a highly decentralized people and products oriented company rather than a systems oriented company. The interesting question that presents itself is, how does Nestle manage the dialectic between having well-entrenched core values, and respecting national cultures? Vietnam is a country in which Nestle has established a branch only recently (in 1996). It is a challenging country in which to start operations. In the first instance, it is a communist country with a state controlled market. Additionally, the cultural ethos and ambience of Vietnam are quite unique. When Nestle started its branch in Vietnam, it had to embed and institutionalize its core values there from scratch. Nestles initial step was to translate the two documents, Nestle Management and Leadership Principles, and Nestle Corporate Business Principles, into Vietnamese. During translation, it was found that some concepts could not be translated literally. Literal translations would lead to some loss of intended meaning. Hence, some of the concepts were elucidated using Vietnamese metaphors and symbols. For example, recourse was made to the metaphor of the family. The sort of relationship that Nestle expects from employees was compared to the sort of relationship that exists between family members. The importance of teamwork and team spirit was likewise advocated by reference to family values. Thus, a document was created especially for Nestle Vietnam that encapsulated the Nestle core values in the local idiom. This document is given to every employee who joins the branch. Before employees can join Nestle Vietnam, they have to satisfy the recruitment criteria. This includes whether the prospective employees can understand and appreciate the core values of Nestle, and align themselves with these core values. Individuals who will be unable to operationalize Nestle core values, because of either their background or their personality, are screened out. The background of a prospective employee is thoroughly checked. This is to ascertain what kinds of influence have conditioned him or her. At Nestle branches that have been in existence for some time, considerable autonomy is given to line managers in the matter of recruitment. In start-up branches like Nestle Vietnam, however, the HR department and top management are very closely involved in the recruitment process. They admit into their fold only those individuals who can subscribe to Nestle core values. Nestle believes that if employees are deficient in technical skills, but have the appropriate attitudes and values, they can be trained and learn those skills. On the other hand, values are more difficult to change. If prospective employees have attitudes incompatible with Nestles core values, then no amount of coaching can successfully bring them in line with Nestles expectations. One of the core values of Nestle is that its employees should have intercultural competencies and be able to interact effectively with people from all over the world. Hence, as part of the recruitment process at Nestle Vietnam, prospective employees attitudes to foreigners are assessed. Also assessed is how they view people from other parts of Vietnam. Preference is given to prospective employees who are tolerant and liberal thinking, and have experience of associating with people from diverse backgrounds. Sometimes it transpires that prospective employees would not like to work with foreigners from other parts of Asia, such as Malaysians, Japanese or Taiwanese. They do not mind working with Europeans, however. In such cases, Nestle Vietnam tries to ascertain whether the prejudice emanates from ignorance or from a deep-rooted emotion. If it is the former, training and coaching can eradicate the prejudice, as can first-hand experience of working with Malaysian, Japanese or Taiwanese managers. This is particularly true of young recruits who are perceived as being malleable. They are very receptive to being guided by a coach or mentor, much more so than in the case of their European counterparts. Thien Luong Van My, currently Issues Manager Public Affairs at Nestle headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, and Country Head of Nestle Vietnam for the period 1996–2000, comments: They really enjoy this coaching like from an elder brother to a younger brother or sister. They really like to be guided not only about how they should work, but about how they should behave as well. And we pay a lot of importance to our newly joined recruits patterns of interaction. We observe them closely. And the elder brother recommends to his younger sibling how he can improve himself. This system appears to be working for us. We started in 1996 with three employees. I had a driver and a secretary. Today, there are 300 employees with Nestle Vietnam, all of whom are committed to Nestles core values. The core value of team spirit had to be nurtured with special effort at Nestle Vietnam in its early years. It is the experience of Nestle Vietnam that the Vietnamese are a fairly individualistic people. They may be loyal to a small group of people who are usually family members. Nestle Vietnam was in its crucial initial six years when headed by Thien, who is Vietnamese and grew up there. He therefore positioned himself as the patriarch of the company, somebody who could be considered an uncle or elder brother. He then capitalized on his position to encourage team spirit. He also ensured that team spirit was propagated in a manner appropriate to the Vietnamese culture. For instance, a practice integral to Vietnamese culture is showing respect and deference to elders. At Nestle Vietnam, a few units are headed by individuals who are younger than a few of their subordinates. A careful watch is kept on these individuals, to ascertain whether they treat those subordinates who are older than them with respect and regard. Nestle Vietnam has tried to design approaches for institutionalizing the Principles that comprise the Nestle core values. For example, consider the Nestle Corporate Business Principle regarding protection of the environment: Nestle integrates environmental policies, programs, and practices into each business as an element of management in all its functions, develops, designs and operates facilities and conducts its activities taking into consideration the efficient use of energy and materials, the sustainable use of renewable resources, the minimization of adverse environmental impact and waste generation, and the safe and responsible disposal of residual wastes, applies Nestle internal standards suitable to local conditions in those regions where specific environmental legislation is not yet in place, improves environmental protection relevant to its activities on a continuous basis, provides appropriate information, communication and training to build internal and external understanding about its environmental commitment and action. Nestle Vietnam has had to work very hard to inculcate the value of conducting business in an environmentally sound manner amongst its employees. Many of the non-management staff come from rustic backgrounds with no higher education. Hence, courses are organized regularly so that these staff members can be educated on how to conduct themselves in an environmentally friendly fashion. When any staff members deviate from the Nestle standards for hygiene and environmental protection, their lapse is pointed out to them. Newly joined staff members have to be told that trash should not be littered anywhere, but should be put into garbage bins. On one occasion, a newly joined member of the cleaning staff was asked to clean the warehouse adjacent to a Nestle factory. He was asked to do this on a Sunday when there were no senior managers at the factory site. While cleaning, he threw some discarded paints and oil into the drainage system. It was entirely a spontaneous act. Fortunately, a manager came to know about this occurrence the following day, and the drainage system was stopped before it discharged its contents into a river flowing nearby. If the paints and oil had found their way into the river, a major catastrophe would have resulted. After this incident, Nestle Vietnam provided even more stringent instructions about hygiene and environment protection to its entire staff. Another core value that had to be addressed explicitly by Nestle Vietnam was one termed Conflict of Interest in the Nestle Corporate Business Principles document. This core value stated that Nestle requires its management and employees to avoid personal activities and financial interests that could conflict, or appear to conflict, with their jobs. In Vietnam, it is customary for people to hold more than one job. They might work for half a day at a primary job, and then be employed elsewhere, in a job that is in some way competitive with the primary job. Nestle Vietnam has had to adopt a firm stance here. Thien and the other expatriate Nestle employees who set up Nestle Vietnam were succeeded by Vietnamese managers in early 2001. This has contributed to institutionalizing the Nestle core values at the branch. It also signifies that the branch has assimilated the Nestle core values. In fact, the job success of Thien and his expatriate colleagues is being evaluated in terms of the performance of their successors. Inferences Fostering of uniform core values in a global corporation is a key to successful intercultural management The challenge of intercultural management for organizations lies in the appropriate juxtaposition of corporate culture and ethnic cultures. This is the challenge that Nestle, with its many, many branches located all around the globe, had to grapple with constantly. Ultimately, however, corporate culture transcends ethnic culture. In other words, corporate culture, which is governed by the organizations core values, is superordinate to other cultures such as ethnic culture. This has been the mode of functioning of all the organizations profiled in this book: Nestle, Credit Suisse, BMW, International Committee of the Red Cross, IBM, ICAS and so on. These companies have not specifically articulated that this is their mode of functioning. It may not even be recognized as a conscious strategy by the top management echelons. Certainly, the key players in the individual companies are not aware that this is a mode of functioning shared by high-performance transnational organizations. Nonetheless, we record in this book that this is the case. The core values of an organization determine the nature of its corporate culture. The corporate culture can influence the mind-sets of its employees, which in turn will have been shaped by a wide variety of factors. For individual employees, one of these factors is definitely their ethnic culture. When an organization has branches in different locations and cultures, it is inevitable that those branches are affected by local cultures in more ways than one. In the first instance, the products and services offered by the organization must find a resonance in the local culture. Otherwise there would be no market for those products and services. Thus, Nestle offers many food products that are culture-specific in that they reflect the food preferences of the local consumers. One of Nestles food products is Maggi instant noodles. These noodles are available in a wide variety of cultures, and offer a feature that is appreciated in all these cultures they can be prepared in a matter of minutes. However, the noodles are concocted differently in different cultures. In Switzerland, for instance, the noodles are sold with a cheese garnish. In India, Maggi masala noodles are a runaway success. Maggi masala noodles have a pungent, spicy flavour, which might not find favour in Switzerland. Likewise, Maggi noodles as sold in Switzerland would be too bland for the average Indian. Local cultures can impact on organizations in more complex ways, however. They can influence (though not determine) corporate culture. This happens when a significant number of employees of an organization hail from a specific ethnic culture. The corporate culture of Nestle has a certain Swissness about it, as observed by Hans Johr, Assistant Vice-President at Nestle headquarters. This is to be expected, since Nestle originated in Switzerland, and is headquartered in that country. However, the fact that Vietnamese personnel staff Nestle Vietnam signifies that elements of Vietnamese culture that are venerable are incorporated into Nestle Vietnam. This enables the Vietnamese workforce to be productive and happy. For instance, the notion of projecting the CEO of Nestle Vietnam as a father figure, who can then engage in team building by encouraging employees to think of each other as siblings, was an approach that reflected Vietnamese culture. This is a case where the dialectic between corporate culture and ethnic culture has been managed successfully. This in fact is an objective of intercultural management: to harmonize the juxtaposition of corporate cultures and ethnic cultures. However, there may be individual employees whose cultural backgrounds give rise to values that conflict with the core values of an organization. The resulting dissonance can be resolved satisfactorily by the employees either leaving the organization, or modifying their values. In other words, the core values of an organization are superordinate. The International Committee of the Red Cross faces the dilemma of dealing continuously with conflicts between corporate culture and ethnic culture. For example, in Afghanistan they are determined not to uphold conventional local attitudes to the treatment of women. If this entails having to enact a more diminished role in Afghanistan, then so be it. The dialectic between corporate culture and ethnic culture has been described by Nestle as follows: The Companys business practices are designed to promote a sense of identification among all employees all over the world, and apply a number of common rules, while at the same time adapting the expression of these rules to local customs and traditions (Nestle Corporate Business Principles). This of course is easier said than done. However, it must be emphasized that high-performance companies have strong cultures with well-defined core values. These core values are capable of adaptation to local customs, traditions and cultures. They cannot be supplanted by the values of other cultures.

Discrimination in Gtan Torino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in Gtan Torino - Essay Example The 2008 film Gtan Torino, which stares Clint Eastwood exhibits a high level of cultural diversity. However, Walt Kowalski, who is the main character and protagonist in the movie, shows high level of resistance to the abundant cultural diversity. He is filled with stereotypes and prejudice on the cultural units he desists. Kowalski lives a rather miserable life, as he is haunted by memories of the people he killed in the war in Korea, when he was in the military. His wife also dies, he is not in good terms with his children and family, and does not get along with the neighbours. Therefore, his is a solitary life, which he lives with his dog.   Kowalski is an angry veteran, who hates and despises Koreans. He also hates and despises his neighbours, who are Hmongs. He treats them in an ill manner, abuses them, and considers them barbaric and uncivilized.   Stereotyping, which is a form of discriminating is wrong, and most of the time, does not depict the true picture of the person o r group being discriminated against. Stereotypes are false perceptions about a group of people, which outsiders hold about them. Nonetheless, unless one interacts with certain people, and learns their way living and doing things, then holding any type of stereotypes about them is wrong. In this film, Kowalski has various stereotypes about most Asian ethnic groups. For instance, he believed that all Chinese people cooked and fed on dogs as a meal. Nonetheless, his neighbours were Hmongs.... In this film, Kowalski has various stereotypes about most Asian ethnic groups. For instance, he believed that all Chinese people cooked and fed on dogs as a meal. Nonetheless, his neighbours were Hmongs, who are an Asian ethnic group from parts of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Kowalski therefore, despises his neighbours, and thinks they too cook and eat dogs. However, when he finally establishes a close relationship with them, he realizes that they prepare and eat good and decent meals, just like him. This therefore, proves his stereotype against them wrong. Discrimination against a certain group of people based on their race might make one to miss special opportunities of exploring and getting in touch with human diversity. One might fail to see the good side of the people whom they discriminate against. This is because; those who discriminate against others are less likely to associate with them, as they regard them to be less important. Therefore, discrimination is wrong, si nce it denies one the opportunity to experience and benefit from a different cultural group. In this film, Kowalski is a lonely old man, who does not have company, as even his own children do not like being around him, and even plan to take him to a retirement village. Nonetheless, when Kowalski gets in close association with his neighbours, through the young Sue and Thao, he begins to learn many positive facts about the Hmong people, which he never imagined, as he had belittled the Hmongs and other Asian ethnic groups. Although one might consider their ethnic group as superior, compared to others, there might be many factors, which the other groups that are perceived less powerful, have, that

Product Liability Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Liability Case - Research Paper Example However, she was subsequently diagnosed shoulder chondrolysis that caused her shoulder socket and ball to fuse, severely restricting shoulder motion. As a result, she filed a product liability suit against I-Flow Corp, which manufactured the â€Å"PainBuster† device. In this case, she asserted that the device had not received FDA approval for use in such cases, arguing the product’s manufacturer was liable for the sale of this product despite not giving adequate warning and was, therefore, unreasonably dangerous (Moylan, 2015). There is no mention of the insurance company in the article, which might be explained by the fact the case was initially thrown out and the insurance company was not needed. The Courts of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that, for medical devices, negligence of instruction was grounds for product liability, stating that this finding was not in contravention of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 or the underlying intent of the US Congress in making these amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (Moylan, 2015). The suspected reason for Christina’s disorder was a â€Å"pain pump† that her doctors used to directly administer painkillers to her shoulder joint following the surgical procedure. Normally, this device is used to deliver different types of pain medications to the surgery site quickly and directly. However, the procedure involved in using the device has been linked to development of chondrolysis, which is a debilitating condition of the joints. This disorder causes the depletion of cartilage that separates and connects bones and, as a result, the joints become fused and lose all mobility. In majority of cases, the discov ery and diagnosis of this condition happens too late for any effective treatment or cure (Moylan, 2015). Before submitting her product liability case to court, Christina requested the court to instruct the jury on the negligence theory per se.

The Concept Of Governmentality

The Concept Of Governmentality The concept of governmentality is a neologism used by Michel Foucault in his work on modern forms of political power. It is a term that combines government and rationality, suggesting a form of political analysis that focuses on the forms of knowledge that make objects visible and available for governing. In Foucaults terms, governmentality refers to a distinctive modality for exercising power, one which is not reducible to the state. Governmentality is understood to work at a distance by seeking to shape the conduct of conduct. This in turn implies that governmentality refers to a wide range of points of application, including fields of action not ordinarily thought of as political, such as medicine, education, religion, or popular culture. Governmentality is a notion that develops Foucaults distinctive approach to the analysis of power relations. His work not only relocates power, dispersing it away from sovereign actions of centralised state agencies. It rethinks the type of action through which power is exercised (see Brown 2006b). In fundamental respects, the significance of the notion of governmentality for social theory turns on the interpretation of just what sort of theory of action this notion presupposes. The next two sections explore just where this significance lies. Lemke (2002) argues that Foucaults work on governmentality provides a means of understanding the relationships between knowledge, strategies of power and technologies of the self that can usefully augment narratives of neoliberalism. From this perspective, neoliberalism is understood as a political rationality that tries to render the social domain economic and to link a reduction in (welfare) state services and security systems to the increasing call for personal responsibility and self-care' (Lemke 2001, 203). On this understanding, governmentality is a concept that augments the political-economy approaches outlined in the previous section. For example, Ongs (1999) account of the distinctive forms of governmentality deployed by post-developmental states revolves around the assumption that various regulatory regimes manipulate cultural discourses to selectively make people into certain sorts of economic subjects consistent with the objectives of particular national strategies of acc umulation. Jessop (2007, 40) has also argued that the convergence between Marxism and governmentality studies follows from the mutually supportive emphases of the two approaches: while Marx seeks to explain the why of capital accumulation and state power, Foucaults analyses of disciplinarity and governmentality try to explain the how of economic exploitation and political domination. This formulation acknowledges Foucaults own observation that he was concerned with the how of power, but assumes that this descriptive focus merely augments the explanatory project of Marxist political-economy. What is covered over here is a fundamental philosophical difference between these two approaches: the concept of governmentality implies an analysis that focuses on the description of practices instead of causes and explanations. The Marxist and Foucauldian approaches are not necessarily as easily reconciled as it might appear. There are two main areas of difference between these approaches: their respective understandings of the state and of discourse (Traub-Werner 2007, 1444-1446). Political-economy approaches assume fairly static models of the state and the market, and view their relationship in terms of contradictory movements of de-regulation and re-regulation; they also assume that discourse is a representational concept, and focus upon how discourses are theorized differentially materialised in particular contexts. In contrast, governmentality refers to modalities of power that stretch far beyond the state; and discourse is not a representational system so much as a distinctive concept of action, referring to the combination of technologies, means of representation and fields of possibility. Despite the underlying philosophical differences between governmentality and Marxist political economy, Foucaults notion has become an important reference point in recent debates about neoliberalization (Larner 2003, Barnett 2005). If there is such a thing as a neoliberal project, then it is assumed that it must work by seeking to bring into existence lots of neoliberal subjects (cf. Barnett et al 2008). Work on this topic assumes that extending the range of activities that are commodified, commercialized and marketized necessarily implies that peoples subjectivities need to be re-tooled and re-worked as active consumers, entrepreneurial subjects, or empowered participants (e.g. Bondi 2005, GÃ ¶kariksel and Mitchell 2005, Mitchell 2003, Mitchell 2006, Sparke 2006a, Walkerdine 2005). In this interpretation, the dispersal of power implied by the notion of governmentality is re-centred around a sovereign conception of state action, now able to reach out all the more effectively into a ll sorts of arenas in order to secure the conditions of its own (il)legitimacy. The reduction of governmentality to a mechanism of subjectification marks the point at which Foucaults historical, genealogical approach to issues of subject formation is subordinated to presentist functionalism of theories of neoliberalization. This reduction follows from the ambivalence around subject-formation in the formalized models of governmentality that have developed Foucaults ideas. Roses (1999) analysis of advanced liberal governmentality argues that forms of social government, of which the classical Keynsian welfare state stands as the exemplar, are being supplanted by the de-socialisation of modes of governing. The rationalities of advanced liberal welfare reform take the ethical reconstruction of the welfare recipient as their central problem (ibid. 263). They seek to govern people by regulating the choices made by autonomous actors in the context of their everyday, ordinary commitments to friends, family and community. This rationality is visible in the proliferation o f the registers of empowerment and improvement, in which both subjects participating in welfare or development programmes are geared towards transforming the relationships that subjects have with themselves (Cruickshank 1999, Li 2007). In analyses of advanced liberal governmentality, these shifts in political rationality are the result of the efforts of a diverse set of actors pursuing plural ends. They do not reflect the aims of a singular, coherent neoliberal project pursued through the agency of the state. This emphasis is lost in the functionalist appropriation of governmentality to bolster theories of neoliberalization. This is compounded by the tendency in this work to presume that the description of political rationalities also describes the actual accomplishment of subject-effects. The vocabulary of theorists of neoliberal governmentality theorists is replete with terms such as elicit, promote, foster, attract, guide, encourage and so on: The key feature of the neo-liberal rationality is the congruence it endeavours to achieve between a responsible and moral individual and an economic-rational actor. It aspires to construct prudent subjects whose moral quality is based on the fact that they rationally assess the costs and benefits of a certain sort as opposed to other alternative acts (Lemke 2001, 201). The point to underscore here is the emphasis on a rationality that endeavours and aspires to bring about certain subject-effects. Narratives of the emergence of neoliberal governmentality display little sense of just whether and how governmental programmes seek to get people to comply with projects of rule or identify with subject-positions. This is in large part because the Foucauldian approach to neoliberalism continues to construe governmentality in terms of a politics of subjection (Clarke 2004d, 70-71). Such an assumption leads almost automatically to the conclusion that neoliberalism degrades any residual potential for public action inherent in liberal democracy (e.g. Brown 2003). Equipped with the concept of governmentality, this sort of presentation of neoliberalism is able to avoid any serious consideration of what sort of action can be exercised on subjects through acting on them at a distance. The idea that governmentality is a distinctive mode of political rule which seeks to hail into existence its preferred subjects, which are then only left with the option of resistance, needs to be treated with considerable scepticism. Understood as a mechanism of subjection, governmentality is assumed to work through the operation of norms. However, Foucauldian theory is chronically unable to acknowledge the work of communicative rationalities in making any action-through-norms possible (Hacking 2004). Theories of governmentality consistently fail to adequately specify the looping-effects between knowledge-technologies, practices, and subject-formation which are implied by the idea of governing at a distance (Barnett 2001). This failure leads to the supposition that governmentality works through representational modes of subjectification rather than through the practical ordering of fields of strategic and communicative action. At the very most, the governmentality approach implies a probabilistic relationship between regulatory rationalities of rule and the transformations of subjectivities, mediated by the rules of chance (Agrawal 2005, 161-163). It might even imply a reorientation of analysis towards understanding the assemblage of dispersed, singular acts rather than on psycho-social processes of individual subjection (Barnett et al 2008). The recuperation of governmentality as a theory of subject-formation, modelled on theories of interpellative hailing, overlooks the distinctive modality of action through which the Foucault addresses questions of subjectivity. Whereas liberalism and neoliberalism are understood in political-economy approaches as market ideologies, from the governmentality perspective liberalism (and by extension neoliberalism) should properly refer to a particular problematization of governing, and in particular the problematization of the task of governing free subjects. While a free market ideology might imply a problematization of free subjects, it does not follow that the problematization of free subjects is always and everywhere reducible to the imperatives of free market ideologies. Ong (2006) suggests, for example, a definition of neoliberalism in which long established technologies for administering subjects for self-mastery are only contingently articulated with projects directed at securing profitability. But this clarification still presumes that neoliberalism extends and reproduces itself primarily through a politics of subjection (see also Brown 2006a). It might be better to suppose that the distinctive focus in governmentality studies on modes of problematization should reorient analysis to the forms of what Foucault (1988) once called practices of ethical problematization. This would direct analytical attention to investigating the conditions for individuals to recognize themselves as particular kinds of persons and to reflect upon their conduct to problematize it such that they may work upon and transform themselves in certain ways and towards particular goals (Hodges 2002, 457). Two things follow from this reorientation. Firstly, it presumes that subjectivity is the product of situated rationalities of practice, rather than the representational medium of interpellative recognition (Hacking 2002). Secondly, it implies that the proposition that liberal governme ntality seeks to construct self-regulating subjectivities should not be too easily reduced to the proposition that these subjectivities are normatively self-interested egoists (Du Gay 2005). For example, Isin (2004) argues that the distinctive style of problematizing contemporary subjects of rule is in terms of so many neurotic subjects faced with various risks and hazards. One implication of this style of problematizing subjects is that state agencies continue to be the objects of demands to take responsibility for monitoring such neurotic subjects or securing them from harm. In this section we have seen how the third of the approaches to conceptualising neoliberalism identified by Larner (2000), which appeals to the concept of governmentality, can be more or less easily subsumed into the prevalent political-economy interpretation. The assumption that governmentality is a concept that refers to the inculcation of certain sorts of mentality into subjects is the prevalent interpretation of governmentality in geographys usage of this concept to bolster theories of neoliberalization, not least in the proliferation of work on neoliberal subjects. The marriage of political-economy and governmentality therefore generates a shared space of debate that defines state-of-the-art research into neoliberalization (Barnett 2005). While in the political-economy approach, discourses are treated as expressive of other levels of determination, in the governmentality approach political economic processes recede into the background; whereas political-economy approaches privil ege class relations over other social relations, the governmentality approach reduces the social field to a plane of subjectification. But these differences converge around a shared assumption that reproduction happens: that subjects live out their self-governing subjection as ascribed by governmental rationalities, or subordinate classes live out their regulatory roles as ascribed by hegemonic projects of consent (Clarke 2004c). And so it is that the social is reduced to the repository of a mysterious force of resistance waiting to be activated by the revelatory force of academic demystification. Foucauldian analysis of neoliberal governmentality remains unclear whether either tradition can provide adequate resources for thinking about the practical problems of democracy, rights and social justice. This is not helped by the systematic denigration in both lines of thought of liberalism, a catch-all term used with little discrimination